Plaque is a build-up of fatty material that narrows the vessel lumen and impedes the blood flow. The hallmark of the pathophysiology of CAD is the development of atherosclerotic plaque. High sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) is thought to be the best predictor of coronary artery disease in some studies although uses for it in a practical setting are controversial. Markers of inflammation are also strong risk factors for coronary artery disease. ![]() An individual's 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease can be calculated using the ASCVD equation available online on the American Heart Association portal. Increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) increased the risk for CAD and elevated high-density lipoproteins (HDL) decrease the incidence of CAD. Hypercholesterolemia remains an important modifiable risk factor for CAD. The male gender is more predisposed than the female gender. In 2016, the prevalence of smoking among the United States among adults was found to be at 15.5 %. Smoking remains the number one cause of cardiovascular diseases. In the US, better primary care in the middle and higher socioeconomic groups has pushed the incidence towards the later part of life. In the Western world, a faster-paced lifestyle has led people to eat more fast foods and unhealthy meals which has led to an increased prevalence of ischemic heart diseases. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, obesity, lipid levels, and psychosocial variables. Non-modifiable factors include gender, age, family history, and genetics. Etiologic factors can be broadly categorized into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. ![]() Coronary artery disease is a multifactorial phenomenon.
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